1. Citing an extract of an author's work.

2. Short reference, often as a footnote. It allows to identify the publication from which the extract was taken and to provide its specific location within it. Bibliographic citations within the text may be found in the references attached at the end of it. Citations are used to measure the impact of an article and of a journal (impact factor)

The Creative Commons movement was inspired by the Open Source movement to offer contract templates allowing an author to make their work available to the public under certain conditions of use defined beforehand. When a work is subjected to one of the six Creative Commons licences, it is no longer the literary and artistic property right in force in France which applies, but the right defined by said licence. The objective is to encourage, in a legal frame, the availability and circulation of works to promote exchanges and creativity.

The digital and online version of a printed scientific journal or a journal available directly – and sometimes exclusively – in the digital format.

Intellectual property
"Intellectual property comprises industrial property, as well as literary and artistic property. Industrial property is designed to protect and enhance inventions, innovations and creations. Literary and artistic property, along with copyright, is meant to protect literary works, musical, graphic, plastic, fashion creations, etc. and software, as well as several 'related rights' (applying to singer-songwriters or audiovisual communication companies, for instance)". (source: www.insee.fr)

Access to the full text of a review may also be partly free when the publisher introduces an embargo via a moving wall, of variable duration, standard being anywhere between 2 and 5 years, beyond which consulting is no longer free of charge, while access to the articles is completely free throughout the years preceding the moving wall.

'Open access' to this literature refers to its availability, free of charge, on the public internet, allowing anyone to read, download, copy, share, print, search or link to these articles in full, dissect and index them, use them as data for software, or make any other lawful use of them, with no financial, legal or technical barrier except those inherent to internet access and use. The only constraint on copying and sharing, and the only role to be played by copyright in this respect, should be to warrant authors control on the integrity of their work and on their right to be accurately cited and acknowledged. (Budapest Initiative for Open Access) [Source: INIST website, Open Access]

A new or existing journal or review which matches article quality requirements (presence of a reading comity) but is subsidised so as to allow as broad a circulation as possible, without any access or use restrictions.

The phrase 'open archives' means a pool to which data from scientific research and lecturing can be uploaded and which is left in open access. This openness is made possible by using shared protocols which increase accessibility to contents emanating from various stocks maintained by various data providers.